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Battle of Samarra
The Battle of Samarra took place in June 363,〔 after the invasion of Sassanid Persia by the Roman Emperor Julian. A major skirmish, the fighting was indecisive but Julian was killed in the battle. The Romans, stranded deep in Persian territory and suffering from a lack of supplies, were forced to accept terms for peace.
==Context==
Julian invaded Sassanian Empire with a force of 65,000〔 men, hoping to win a major victory against Persians in the east and replace Shah Shapur II with his brother Ormisdas.〔Libanius, ''Epistulae'', 1402.2〕 Julian made two blundering mistakes at the very onset of the invasion. He split his force into two, one under General Procopius numbering 30,000 men,〔Browning 2004, p.196〕 which went to northern Mesopotamia, and one numbering 35,000 men〔 under his own leadership. His second mistake was not defeating the main Sassanid army before attacking the capital, which would eventually lead to expedition's failure in 363. Julian at first won a tactical victory outside Ctesiphon, but could not take the city. Even worse, Procopius failed to join him with his army, for unknown reasons.
David S. Potter〔Potter 2004, p.518〕 suggests that Julian's main faults was that he made a very risky campaign and that he didn't bring adequate siege train. Therefore, he had to retreat after realizing that Ctesiphon was too strongly defended to be taken by assault while his army was running out of supplies. However, the Sassanid army, under Shapur, implemented a scorched earth policy while harassing Romans all their way back to Roman Mesopotamia. Julian, realizing that his army could not be resupplied or reinforced, tried to force a set piece battle with his enemy, but could not.
So decision was taken to retreat through the district of Corduene to the north, where there was hope to find adequate supplies.〔Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'', 24.8.5〕 After a few days of advancing through the enemy country, despite defeating Persian skirmishes and inflicting them heavy losses in the Battle of Maranga,〔Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'', 25.1.19〕 the demoralized〔Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'', 25.1.7〕 army was essentially depleted of provisions and tired of the continuous fighting.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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